Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938) is widely regarded as one of Russia’s most important modernist poets. Before his 1934 arrest for privately circulated poems critical of the Soviet regime, he published two poetry collections, a memoir, a collection of essays and prose works, and numerous works of journalism and translation in the Soviet press. During his three-year exile in a southern Russian city, Mandelstam composed the body of work known as The Voronezh Notebooks. Re-arrested a year after his return, Mandelstam died in a transit camp near Vladivostok.